Abstract
The social stigma that a person experience based on their weight and body image when they are perceived as larger than normal is known as Weight Stigma. On the other hand, Anti-Obesity Attitudes are the negative evaluations and perceptions that a person has towards overweight or obese people. Both phenomena have negative consequences on health, so it is necessary to determine how these phenomena are related and how they influence the development of overweight or obesity. However, in Mexico, there are still no instruments to evaluate these constructs. Thus, the objective of the present study was to validate the Stigmatizing Situations Inventory (SSI-M) and the Anti-Obesity Attitudes Scale (AFA-M) for the Mexican population. A culturally relevant validation process was carried out, which consisted of the translation-retranslation and adaptation of the items in another language, subsequently, these were subjected to an inter-judge agreement process to ensure that the adaptation was appropriate for the culture, finally, it was applied exploratory factor analysis to determine the factor structure and psychometric properties of both scales. Based on this process, two abbreviated scales with adequate psychometric properties were obtained (SSI-M, ω = .948; AFA-M, ω = 796). Likewise, the factors obtained present significant and positive correlations, providing evidence of convergent validity, and significant positive correlations with the Body Mass Index, providing the scales with evidence of criterion validity.References
Ashmore, J. A., Friedman, K. E., Reichmann, S. K., & Musante, G. J. (2008). Weight-based stigmatization, psychological distress & binge eating behavior among obese treatment-seeking adults. Eating Behaviors, 9(2), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.09.006
Brochu, P. M. (2020). Weight stigma as a risk factor for suicidality. International Journal of Obesity, 44(10), 1979–1980. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-0632-5
Consejo para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación de la Ciudad de México (COPRED). (2017). Encuesta sobre discriminación en la Ciudad de México 2017. http://www.sideso.cdmx.gob.mx/documentos/publicaciones/2018/discriminacion/4 edis 2017.pdf
Crandall, C. S. (1994). Prejudice Against Fat People: Ideology and Self-Interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 882–894. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.882
Diamantopoulos, A., Sarstedt, M., Fuchs, C., Wilczynski, P., & Kaiser, S. (2012). Guidelines for choosing between multi-item and single-item scales for construct measurement: A predictive validity perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 434–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0300-3
Dinno, A. (2009). Implementing horn’s parallel analysis for principal component analysis and factor analysis. Stata Journal, 9(2), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0900900207
Emmer, C., Bosnjak, M., & Mata, J. (2020). The association between weight stigma and mental health : A meta ‐ analysis. Obesity Reviews, June 2019, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12935
Flint, S. (2015). Obesity stigma: Prevalence and impact in healthcare. British Journal of Obesity, 1(APRIL), 14–18. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/276918977
Flora, D. B., LaBrish, C., & Chalmers, R. P. (2012). Old and new ideas for data screening and assumption testing for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(MAR), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00055
Forero, C. G., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2009). Factor Analysis with Ordinal Indicators: A Monte Carlo Study Comparing DWLS and ULS Estimation. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(4), 625–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903203573
Galán, I., Gandarillas, A., Febrel, C., & Meseguer, C. M. (2001). Validación del peso y la talla autodeclarados en población adolescente. Gaceta Sanitaria, 15(6), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0213-9111(01)71611-1
Godoy-Izquierdo, D., González-Hernández, J., Rodríguez-Tadeo, A., Lara, R., Ogallar, A., Navarrón, E., Ramírez, M. J., López-Mora, C., & Arbinaga, F. (2020). Body satisfaction, weight stigma, positivity, and happiness among spanish adults with overweight and obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124186
Golberstein, E., Eisenberg, D., & Gollust, S. E. (2008). Perceived Stigma and Mental Health Care Seeking. Psychiatric Services, 59(4), 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.59.4.392
Gómez-Pérez, D., Cancino, V., Moreno, P. I., & Ortiz, M. S. (2020). Weight Stigma, Chronic Stress, Unhealthy Diet, and Obesity in Chilean Adults. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-020-09917-1
Gómez-Pérez, D., & Ortiz, M. S. (2019). Estigma de obesidad, cortisol e ingesta alimentaria: un estudio experimental con mujeres. Revista Médica de Chile, 147(3), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872019000300314
Gómez-Pérez, D., Ortiz, M. S., & Saiz, J. L. (2017). Estigma de obesidad, su impacto en las víctimas y en los equipos de salud: Una revisión de la literatura. Revista Medica de Chile, 145(9), 1160–1164. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872017000901160
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, M. P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6th ed.). McGrawHill.
Himmelstein, M. S., Puhl, R. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2019). Overlooked and understudied: health consequences of weight stigma in men. Obesity, 27(10), 1598–1605. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22599
Himmelstein, M., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2015). It’s not you, it’s me: Self-perceptions, antifat attitudes, and stereotyping of obese individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(7), 749–757. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615585831
Hoffmann Freiberg, A., Stover, J. B., de la Iglesia, G., & Fernández Liporace, M. (2013). Correlaciones policóricas y tetracóricas en estudios factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios. Ciencias Psicológicas, 7(2), 151–164.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Koball, A. M., & Carels, R. A. (2011). Coping responses as mediators in the relationship between perceived weight stigma and depression. Eating and Weight Disorders, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03327516
Lewis, R. J., Cash, T. F., & Bubb-Lewis, C. (1997). Prejudice Toward Fat People: The Development and validation of the antifat attitudes Test. Obesity Research, 5(4), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00555.x
Leys, C., Klein, O., Dominicy, Y., & Ley, C. (2018). Detecting multivariate outliers: Use a robust variant of the Mahalanobis distance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74(March 2017), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.011
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: Una guía práctica , revisada y actualizada. Anales De Psicología, 30(3), 1151–1169.
Macho, S., Andrés, A., & Saldaña, C. (2022). Anti-fat attitudes among Spanish general population: Psychometric properties of the anti-fat attitudes scale. Clinical Obesity, 12(6), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12543
Magallares, A., & Morales, J. F. (2014). Adaptación al castellano de la Escala de Actitud Antiobesos. Revista de Psicologia Social, 29(3), 563–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2014.972707
Major, B., Hunger, J. M., Bunyan, D. P., & Miller, C. T. (2014). The ironic effects of weight stigma. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 51, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.11.009
Malkewitz, C. P., Schwall, P., Meesters, C., & Hardt, J. (2023). Estimating reliability: A comparison of Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ωt and the greatest lower bound. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100368
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Myers, A., & Rosen, J. C. (1999). Obesity stigmatization and coping: Relation to mental health symptoms, body image, and self-esteem. International Journal of Obesity, 23(3), 221–230. http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/ijo
Nunnally, J. C. (2013). Teoría psicométrica (1st ed.). Trillas.
O’Brien, K. S., Hunter, J. A., Halberstadt, J., & Anderson, J. (2007). Body image and explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes: The mediating role of physical appearance comparisons. Body Image, 4(3), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.06.001
Ogden, J., & Flanagan, Z. (2008). Beliefs about the causes and solutions to obesity: A comparison of GPs and lay people. Patient Education and Counseling, 71(1), 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2007.11.022
Oliva-Peña, Y., Ordóñez-Luna, M., Santana-Carvajal, A., Marín-Cárdenas, A. D., Andueza-Pech, G., & Gómez-Castillo, I. A. (2016). Concordancia del IMC y la percepción de la imagen corporal en adolescentes de una localidad suburbana de Yucatán. Revista Biomédica, 27(2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.32776/revbiomed.v27i2.24
OMS. (2021). Obesidad y sobrepeso. Organización Mundial de La Salud. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Ortiz, M. S., & Gómez-Pérez, D. (2018). Psychometric properties of a brief Spanish version of Stigmatizing Situations Inventory. Revista Mexicana de Trasntornos Alimentarios, 10(1), 1–9. http://jurnals.iztacala.unam.mx
Parling, T., Cernvall, M., Stewart, I., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Ghaderi, A. (2012). Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure to Compare Implicit Pro-Thin/Anti-Fat Attitudes of Patients With Anorexia Nervosa and Non-Clinical Controls. Eating Disorders, 20(2), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2012.654056
Pearl, R. L., & Puhl, R. M. (2018). Weight bias internalization and health: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 19(8), 1141–1163. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12701
Prunty, A., Clark, M. K., Hahn, A., Edmonds, S., & O’Shea, A. (2020). Enacted weight stigma and weight self stigma prevalence among 3821 adults. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice, 14, 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2020.09.003
Puhl, R. M., Latner, J. D., O’Brien, K., Luedicke, J., Danielsdottir, S., & Forhan, M. (2015). A multinational examination of weight bias: Predictors of anti-fat attitudes across four countries. International Journal of Obesity, 39(7), 1166–1173. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.32
Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2006). Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity, 14(10), 1802–1815. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.208
Puhl, R. M., Himmelstein, M. S., & Pearl, R. L. (2020). Weight stigma as a psychosocial contributor to obesity. The American Psychologist, 75(2), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000538
Puhl, R. M., & Lessard, L. M. (2020). Weight Stigma in Youth: Prevalence, Consequences, and Considerations for Clinical Practice. Current Obesity Reports, 9(4), 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00408-8
Ravinder, E. B., & Saraswathi, A. B. (2020). Literature Review Of Cronbach alpha coefficient (α) and Mcdonald ’ s Omega Coefficient (ω). European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(6), 2943–2949. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35489.53603
Reyes-Lagunes, I., & García & Barragán, L. F. (2008). Proocedimiento de validación psicométrica culturalmente relevante: Un ejemplo. In Rivera-Aragón, S., Díaz-Loving, R., Reyes-Lagunes I. (Eds.), La psicología social en México. Vol XII (pp. 625–644). Ampeso.
Robles Pastor, B. F. (2018). Índice de validez de contenido: coeficiente V de Aiken. Pueblo Continente, 29(1), 193–197. http://journal.upao.edu.pe/PuebloContinente/article/view/991
Shi, D., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2020). The effect of estimation methods on sem fit indices. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 80 (3), 421–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164419885164
Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Cairns, E., & Hughes, J. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of Social identity complexity: Intergroup contact, distinctiveness threat, and outgroup attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(8), 1085–1098. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209337037
Schvey, N. A., Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2014). The stress of stigma: Exploring the effect of weight stigma on cortisol reactivity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000031
Sikorski, C., Spahlholz, J., Hartlev, M., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2016). Weight-based discrimination: An ubiquitary phenomenon? International Journal of Obesity, 40(2), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.165
Sikorski, C., Luppa, M., Luck, T., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2015). Weight stigma “gets under the skin” – Evidence for an adapted psychological mediation framework – A systematic review. Obesity, 23(2), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20952
Solbes, I., & Enesco, I. (2010). Explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes in children and their relationships with their body images. Obesity Facts, 3(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000280417
Soto, L., Armendariz-Anguiano, A. L., Bacardí-Gascón, M., & Cruz, A. J. (2014). Creencias, actitudes y fobias hacia la obesidad entre estudiantes mexicanos de las carreras de medicina y psicología. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 30(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.1.7512
Tomiyama, A. J. (2014). Weight stigma is stressful. A review of evidence for the cyclic Obesity/weight-based stigma model. Appetite, 82, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.108
Tomiyama, A. J. (2019). Stress and Obesity. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(June 2018), 703–718. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936
Tomiyama, A. J., Finch, L. E., Belsky, A. C. I., Buss, J., Finley, C., Schwartz, M. B., & Daubenmier, J. (2015). Weight bias in 2001 versus 2013: Contradictory attitudes among obesity researchers and health professionals. Obesity, 23(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20910
van der Valk, E. S., Savas, M., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2018). Stress and Obesity: Are There More Susceptible Individuals? Current Obesity Reports, 7(2), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-018-0306-y
Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Development and validation of a brief version of the Stigmatizing Situations Inventory. Obesity Science & Practice, 1(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.11
Vartanian, L. R., & Novak, S. A. (2011). Internalized societal attitudes moderate the impact of weight stigma on avoidance of exercise. Obesity, 19(4), 757–762. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.234
von dem Knesebeck, O., Lüdecke, D., Luck-Sikorski, C., & Kim, T. J. (2019). Public beliefs about causes of obesity in the USA and in Germany. International Journal of Public Health, 64(8), 1139–1146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-019-01295-0
Wang, Z., Dang, J., Zhang, X., Moore, J. B., & Li, R. (2021). Assessing the relationship between weight stigma, stress, depression, and sleep in Chinese adolescents. Quality of Life Research, 30(1), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02620-4
© Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders.